These small, brightly coloured mushrooms are not just a joy to look at, but a vital component of our landscape’s biodiversity, indicating its health and creating a symbiosis with other species.

Waxcaps belong to the genus Hygrocybe and related genera, and are grassland fungi renowned for their vibrant hues including scarlet reds, sunshine yellows, and glossy oranges. Unlike many fungi, waxcaps do not feed on decaying organic matter; instead, they are thought to form symbiotic or other specialised relationships with their surroundings, especially in nutrient-poor soils.

Waxcaps form an intricate network below ground known as mycelium. This network forms a symbiotic relationship with surrounding plants and other fungi, sharing nutrients and allowing these species to grow together where they otherwise might not survive. Above ground, it is only the fruiting bodies that can be seen. However these do not necessarily sprout each year, meaning that although present, they might not be seen.

Waxcap fungi have a strong dependency on traditional or ancient pastures with low agricultural involvement. This means they thrive in unimproved grasslands, as well as areas that are free from fertilisers, pesticides, and reseeding. Some species are now considered indicator species for habitat quality and ecological continuity given their long lifespan. Unfortunately, these habitats are on the decline, and as the UK is home to around half of the world’s population of waxcap species, (around 40 varieties) it is imperative that we take action to protect our grasslands.

Areas where rewilding takes place can become strongholds for grassland fungi. Rewilding aims to restore the natural processes that support life and reinstate missing species. Methods such as conservation grazing can help return areas to their natural state, supporting not only waxcaps but a multitude of other plants, animals, and fungi that rely on these ecosystems to thrive.

Beyond their ecological significance, waxcaps are often sought out by fungi finders for their appearance. Their waxy, often slimy caps reflect sunlight, making them a delight to look at and photograph. A prime location to spot these vibrant fungi is at Broughton Down Nature Reserve. Manged by Hampshire & Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust’s, this chalk grassland reserve is grazed year-round by livestock, providing an ideal environment for waxcaps and grassland fungi.